LABORATORY VALUES OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE | Harrison's Neurology in Clinical Medicine, 4e | AccessNeurology

This Appendix contains tables of reference values for common laboratory tests. A variety of factors can influence reference values. Such variables include the population studied, the duration and means of specimen transport, laboratory methods and instrumentation, and even the type of container used for collection of the specimen. The reference or "normal" ranges given in this Appendix may therefore not be appropriate for all laboratories, and these values should only be used as general guidelines. Whenever possible, reference values provided by the laboratory performing the testing should be used in interpretation of laboratory data. Values supplied in this Appendix reflect typical reference ranges in nonpregnant adults. Pediatric reference ranges and values in pregnant patients may vary significantly from the data presented in the Appendix.

In preparing the Appendix, the authors have taken into account the fact that the system of international units (SI, système international d'unités) is used in most countries and in some medical journals. However, clinical laboratories may continue to report values in "traditional" or conventional units. Therefore, both systems are provided in the Appendix. The dual system is also used in the text except for those instances in which the numbers remain the same and only the terminology is changed (mmol/L for meq/L or IU/L for mIU/mL), when only the SI units are given.

TABLE 1HEMATOLOGY AND COAGULATION

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TABLE 1HEMATOLOGY AND COAGULATION

ANALYTE

SPECIMEN

SI UNITS

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

Activated clotting time

WB

70–180 s

Activated protein C resistance (factor V Leiden)

P

Not applicable

Ratio >2.1

ADAMTS13 activity

P

≥0.67

≥67%

ADAMTS13 inhibitor activity

P

Not applicable

≤0.4 U

ADAMTS13 antibody

P

Not applicable

≤18 U

Alpha₂ antiplasmin

P

0.87–1.55

87–155%

Antiphospholipid antibody panel

PTT-LA (lupus anticoagulant screen)

P

Negative

Platelet neutralization procedure

P

Negative

Dilute viper venom screen

P

Negative

Anticardiolipin antibody

S

IgG

0–15 arbitrary units

0–15 GPL

IgM

0–15 arbitrary units

0–15 MPL

Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies

S

IgG

0–20 arbitrary units

0–20 SGU

IgM

0–20 arbitrary units

0–20 SMU

Antithrombin III

P

Antigenic

220–390 mg/L

22–39 mg/dL

Functional

0.7–1.30 U/L

70–130%

Anti-Xa assay (heparin assay)

P

Unfractionated heparin

0.3–0.7 kIU/L

0.3–0.7 IU/mL

Low-molecular-weight heparin

0.5–1.0 kIU/L

0.5–1.0 IU/mL

Danaparoid (Orgaran)

0.5–0.8 kIU/L

0.5–0.8 IU/mL

Autohemolysis test

WB

0.004–0.045

0.4–4.50%

Autohemolysis test with glucose

WB

0.003–0.007

0.3–0.7%

Bleeding time (adult)

<7.1 min

C4 binding protein

P

305–695 mg/L

30.5–69.5 mg/dL

S

275–604 mg/L

27.5–60.4 mg/dL

Clot retraction

WB

0.50–1.00/2 h

50–100%/2 h

Cryofibrinogen

P

Negative

D-dimer

P

220–740 ng/mL FEU

Differential blood count

WB

Relative counts:

Neutrophils

0.40–0.70

40–70%

Bands

0.0–0.05

0–5%

Lymphocytes

0.20–0.50

20–50%

Monocytes

0.04–0.08

4–8%

Eosinophils

0.0–0.6

0–6%

Basophils

0.0–0.02

0–2%

Absolute counts:

Neutrophils

1.42–6.34 × 10⁹/L

1420–6340/mm³

Bands

0–0.45 × 10⁹/L

0–450/mm³

Lymphocytes

0.71–4.53 × 10⁹/L

710–4530/mm³

Monocytes

0.14–0.72 × 10⁹/L

140–720/mm³

Eosinophils

0–0.54 × 10⁹/L

0–540/mm³

Basophils

0–0.18 × 10⁹/L

0–180/mm³

Erythrocyte count

WB

Adult males

4.30–5.60 × 10¹²/L

4.30–5.60 × 10⁶/mm³

Adult females

4.00–5.20 × 10¹²/L

4.00–5.20 × 10⁶/mm³

Erythrocyte life span

WB

Normal survival

120 days

Chromium labeled, half-life (t_1/2)

25–35 days

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

WB

Females

0–20 mm/h

Males

0–15 mm/h

Euglobulin lysis time

P

7200–14,400 s

120–240 min

Factor II, prothrombin

P

0.50–1.50

50–150%

Factor V

P

0.50–1.50

50–150%

Factor VII

P

0.50–1.50

50–150%

Factor VIII

P

0.50–1.50

50–150%

Factor IX

P

0.50–1.50

50–150%

Factor X

P

0.50–1.50

50–150%

Factor XI

P

0.50–1.50

50–150%

Factor XII

P

0.50–1.50

50–150%

Factor XIII screen

P

Not applicable

Present

Factor inhibitor assay

P

<0.5 Bethesda units

Fibrin(ogen) degradation products

P

0–1 mg/L

0–1 μg/mL

Fibrinogen

P

2.33–4.96 g/L

233–496 mg/dL

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (erythrocyte)

WB

<2400 s

<40 min

Ham's test (acid serum)

WB

Negative

Hematocrit

WB

Adult males

0.388–0.464

38.8–46.4

Adult females

0.354–0.444

35.4–44.4

Hemoglobin

Plasma

P

6–50 mg/L

0.6–5.0 mg/dL

Whole blood

WB

Adult males

133–162 g/L

13.3–16.2 g/dL

Adult females

120–158 g/L

12.0–15.8 g/dL

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

WB

Hemoglobin A

0.95–0.98

95–98%

Hemoglobin A₂

0.015–0.031

1.5–3.1%

Hemoglobin F

0–0.02

0–2.0%

Hemoglobins other than A, A₂, or F

Absent

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibody

P

Negative

Immature platelet fraction (IPF)

WB

0.011–0.061

1.1–6.1%

Joint fluid crystal

JF

Not applicable

No crystals seen

Joint fluid mucin

JF

Not applicable

Only type I mucin present

Leukocytes

Alkaline phosphatase (LAP)

WB

0.2–1.6 μkat/L

13–100 μ/L

Count (WBC)

WB

3.54–9.06 × 10⁹/L

3.54–9.06 × 10³/mm³

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

WB

26.7–31.9 pg/cell

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

WB

323–359 g/L

32.3–35.9 g/dL

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin of reticulocytes (CH)

WB

24–36 pg

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

WB

79–93.3 fL

79–93.3 μm³

Mean platelet volume (MPV)

WB

9.00–12.95 fL

9.00–12.95

Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes

WB

Direct

0.0035–0.0045

0.35–0.45%

Indirect

0.0030–0.0065

0.30–0.65%

Partial thromboplastin time, activated

P

26.3–39.4 s

Plasminogen

P

Antigen

84–140 mg/L

8.4–14.0 mg/dL

Functional

0.70–1.30

70–130%

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1

P

4–43 μg/L

4–43 ng/mL

Platelet aggregation

PRP

Not applicable

>65% aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, collagen, ristocetin, and arachidonic acid

Platelet count

WB

165–415 × 10⁹/L

165–415 × 10³/mm³

Platelet, mean volume

WB

6.4–11 fL

6.4–11.0 μm³

Prekallikrein assay

P

0.50–1.5

50–150%

Prekallikrein screen

P

No deficiency detected

Protein C

P

Total antigen

0.70–1.40

70–140%

Functional

0.70–1.30

70–130%

Protein S

P

Total antigen

0.70–1.40

70–140%

Functional

0.65–1.40

65–140%

Free antigen

0.70–1.40

70–140%

Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A

WB

Not applicable

Not present

Prothrombin time

P

12.7–15.4 s

Protoporphyrin, free erythrocyte

WB

0.28–0.64 μmol/L of red blood cells

16–36 μg/dL of red blood cells

Red cell distribution width

WB

<0.145

<14.5%

Reptilase time

P

16–23.6 s

Reticulocyte count

WB

Adult males

0.008–0.023 red cells

0.8–2.3% red cells

Adult females

0.008–0.020 red cells

0.8–2.0% red cells

Reticulocyte hemoglobin content

WB

>26 pg/cell

Ristocetin cofactor (functional von Willebrand factor)

P

Blood group O

0.75 mean of normal

75% mean of normal

Blood group A

1.05 mean of normal

105% mean of normal

Blood group B

1.15 mean of normal

115% mean of normal

Blood group AB

1.25 mean of normal

125% mean of normal

Serotonin release assay

S

<0.2 release

<20% release

Sickle cell test

WB

Negative

Sucrose hemolysis

WB

<0.1

<10% hemolysis

Thrombin time

P

15.3–18.5 s

Thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex

P

<4 μg/L

<4 ng/mL

Total eosinophils

WB

150–300 × 10⁶/L

150–300/mm³

Transferrin receptor

S, P

9.6–29.6 nmol/L

Viscosity

Plasma

P

1.7–2.1

Serum

S

1.4–1.8

von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen (factor VIII:R antigen)

P

Blood group O

0.75 mean of normal

75% mean of normal

Blood group A

1.05 mean of normal

105% mean of normal

Blood group B

1.15 mean of normal

115% mean of normal

Blood group AB

1.25 mean of normal

125% mean of normal

von Willebrand factor collagen binding

P

590–2490 units/L

59–249 units/dL

von Willebrand factor multimers

P

Normal distribution

White blood cells: see "Leukocytes"

Abbreviations: JF, joint fluid; P, plasma; PRP, platelet-rich plasma; S, serum; WB, whole blood.

TABLE 2CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOLOGY

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TABLE 2CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOLOGY

ANALYTE

SPECIMEN

SI UNITS

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

Acetoacetate

P

49–294 μmol/L

0.5–3.0 mg/dL

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

P

1.3–16.7 pmol/L

6.0–76.0 pg/mL

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)

S

0.12–0.70 μkat/L

7–41 U/L

Albumin

S

40–50 g/L

4.0–5.0 mg/dL

Aldolase

S

26–138 nkat/L

1.5–8.1 U/L

Aldosterone (adult)

Supine, normal sodium diet

S, P

<443 pmol/L

<16 ng/dL

Upright, normal

S, P

111–858 pmol/L

4–31 ng/dL

Alpha fetoprotein (adult)

S

0–8.5 μg/L

0–8.5 ng/mL

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein

S

0.50–1.2 g/L

50–120 mg/dL

Alpha₁ antitrypsin

S

1.0–2.0 g/L

100–200 mg/dL

Ammonia, as NH₃

P

11–35 μmol/L

19–60 μg/dL

Amylase (method dependent)

S

0.34–1.6 μkat/L

20–96 U/L

Androstenedione (adult)

S

Males

0.81–3.1 nmol/L

23–89 ng/dL

Females

Premenopausal

0.91–7.5 nmol/L

26–214 ng/dL

Postmenopausal

0.46–2.9 nmol/L

13–82 ng/dL

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

S

0.15–1.1 μkat/L

9–67 U/L

Anion gap

S

7–16 mmol/L

Apolipoprotein A-1

S

Male

0.94–1.78 g/L

94–178 mg/dL

Female

1.01–1.99 g/L

101–199 mg/dL

Apolipoprotein B

S

Male

0.55–1.40 g/L

55–140 mg/dL

Female

0.55–1.25 g/L

55–125 mg/dL

Arterial blood gases

WB

(HCO₃^-)

22–30 mmol/L

22–30 meq/L

PCO₂ (Sea Level, FiO₂ 0.21)

4.7–6.0 kPa

35–45 mmHg

pH

7.35–7.45

PO₂ (Sea Level, FiO₂ 0.21, age related)

8.9–13.8 kPa

67–104 mmHg

Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin at pH 7.40 and 37°C

≤0.01

≤1%

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT)

S

0.20–0.65 μkat/L

12–38 U/L

Autoantibodies

S

Anti-centromere antibody IgG

≤29 AU/mL

Anti-double-strand (native) DNA

<25 IU/L

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

Qualitative IgG, IgA

Negative

Quantitative IgG antibody

≤19 AU/mL

Anti-histone antibodies

<1.0 U

Anti-Jo-1 antibody

≤29 AU/mL

Anti-mitochondrial antibody

Not applicable

<20 Units

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies

Not applicable

<1:20

Serine proteinase 3 antibodies

≤19 AU/mL

Myeloperoxidase antibodies

≤19 AU/mL

Antinuclear antibody

Not applicable

Negative at 1:40

Anti-parietal cell antibody

Not applicable

None detected

Anti-RNP antibody

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Anti-Scl 70 antibody

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Anti-Smith antibody

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Anti-smooth muscle antibody

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Anti-SSA antibody

Not applicable

<1.0 U

Anti-SSB antibody

Not applicable

Negative

Anti-thyroglobulin antibody

<40 kIU/mL

<40 IU/mL

Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody

<35 kIU/L

<35 IU/L

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

P

Age and gender specific: <100 ng/L

Age and gender specific: <100 pg/mL

Bence Jones protein, serum qualitative

S

Not applicable

None detected

Bence Jones protein, serum quantitative

S

Free kappa

3.3–19.4 mg/L

0.33–1.94 mg/dL

Free lambda

5.7–26.3 mg/L

0.57–2.63 mg/dL

K/L ratio

0.26–1.65

Beta-2-microglobulin

S

1.1–2.4 mg/L

Bile acids

S

Cholic acid

0–1.9 μmol/L

Chenodeoxycholic acid

0–3.4 μmol/L

Deoxycholic acid

0–2.5 μmol/L

Ursodeoxycholic acid

0–1.0 μmol/L

Total

0–7.0 μmol/L

Bilirubin

S

Total

5.1–22 μmol/L

0.3–1.3 mg/dL

Direct

1.7–6.8 μmol/L

0.1–0.4 mg/dL

Indirect

3.4–15.2 μmol/L

0.2–0.9 mg/dL

C peptide

S

0.27–1.19 nmol/L

0.8–3.5 ng/mL

C1-esterase-inhibitor protein

S

210–390 mg/L

21–39 mg/dL

CA 125

S

<35 kU/L

<35 U/mL

CA 19-9

S

<37 kU/L

<37 U/mL

CA 15-3

S

<33 kU/L

<33 U/mL

CA 27-29

S

0–40 kU/L

0–40 U/mL

Calcitonin

S

Male

0–7.5 ng/L

0–7.5 pg/mL

Female

0–5.1 ng/L

0–5.1 pg/mL

Calcium

S

2.2–2.6 mmol/L

8.7–10.2 mg/dL

Calcium, ionized

WB

1.12–1.32 mmol/L

4.5–5.3 mg/dL

Carbon dioxide content (TCO₂)

P (sea level)

22–30 mmol/L

22–30 meq/L

Carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide content)

WB

Nonsmokers (in a nonsmoking environment)

0.0–0.025

0–2.5% of total hemoglobin (Hgb) value

Smokers

0.04–0.09

4–9% of total Hgb value

Loss of consciousness and death

>0.50

>50% of total Hgb value

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

S

Nonsmokers

0.0–3.0 μg/L

0.0–3.0 ng/mL

Smokers

0.0–5.0 μg/L

0.0–5.0 ng/mL

Ceruloplasmin

S

250–630 mg/L

25–63 mg/dL

Chloride

S

102–109 mmol/L

102–109 meq/L

Cholesterol (LCL, Total, HDL): Ranges depend on individual patient factors; see 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol

Cholinesterase

S

5–12 kU/L

5–12 U/mL

Chromogranin A

S

0–95 μg/L

0–95 ng/mL

Complement

S

C3

0.83–1.77 g/L

83–177 mg/dL

C4

0.16–0.47 g/L

16–47 mg/dL

Complement total

60–144 CAE units

Cortisol

Fasting, 8 A.M.–12 noon

S

138–690 nmol/L

5–25 μg/dL

12 noon–8 P.M.

138–414 nmol/L

5–15 μg/dL

8 P.M.–8 A.M.

0–276 nmol/L

0–10 μg/dL

C-reactive protein

S

<10 mg/L

C-reactive protein, high sensitivity

S

Cardiac risk

Low: <1.0 mg/L

Average: 1.0–3.0 mg/L

High: >3.0 mg/L

Creatine kinase (total)

S

Females

0.66–4.0 μkat/L

39–238 U/L

Males

0.87–5.0 μkat/L

51–294 U/L

Creatine kinase-MB

S

Mass

0.0–5.5 μg/L

0.0–5.5 ng/mL

Fraction of total activity (by electrophoresis)

0–0.04

0–4.0%

Creatinine

S

Female

44–80 μmol/L

0.5–0.9 mg/dL

Male

53–106 μmol/L

0.6–1.2 mg/dL

Cryoglobulins

S

Not applicable

None detected

Cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody (IgG)

S

Negative: <20 Units

Weak positive: 20–39 Units

Moderate positive: 40–59 Units

Strong positive: ≥60 Units

Cystatin C

S

0.5–1.0 mg/L

Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) antibody, IgA

S

Negative

≤19 Units

Weak positive

20–30 Units

Positive

≥31 Units

Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) antibody, IgG

S

Negative

≤19 Units

Weak positive

20–30 Units

Positive

≥31 Units

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (adult)

Male

S

6.2–43.4 nmol/L

180–1250 ng/dL

Female

4.5–34.0 nmol/L

130–980 ng/dL

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate

S

Male (adult)

100–6190 μg/L

10–619 μg/dL

Female (adult)

premenopausal

120–5350 μ/L

12–535 μg/dL

post menopausal

300–2600 μg/L

30–260 μg/dL

11-Deoxycortisol (adult) (compound S)

S

0.34–4.56 nmol/L

12–158 ng/dL

Dihydrotestosterone

Male

S, P

1.03–2.92 nmol/L

30–85 ng/dL

Female

0.14–0.76 nmol/L

4–22 ng/dL

Dopamine

P

0–130 pmol/L

0–20 pg/mL

Endomysial antibody, IgA

S

<1:10

Endomysial antibody, IgG

S

<1:10

Epinephrine

P

Supine (30 min)

<273 pmol/L

<50 pg/mL

Sitting

<328 pmol/L

<60 pg/mL

Standing (30 min)

<491pmol/L

<90 pg/mL

Erythropoietin

S

4–27 U/L

Estradiol

S, P

Female

Menstruating

Follicular phase

74–532 pmol/L

<20–145 pg/mL

Midcycle peak

411–1626 pmol/L

112–443 pg/mL

Luteal phase

74–885 pmol/L

<20–241 pg/mL

Postmenopausal

217 pmol/L

<59 pg/mL

Male

74 pmol/L

<20 pg/mL

Estrone

S, P

Female

Menstruating

Follicular phase

<555 pmol/L

<150 pg/mL

Luteal phase

<740 pmol/L

<200 pg/mL

Postmenopausal

11–118 pmol/L

3–32 pg/mL

Male

33–133 pmol/L

9–36 pg/mL

Fatty acids, free (nonesterified)

P

0.1–0.6 mmol/L

2.8–16.8 mg/dL

Ferritin

S

Female

10–150 μg/L

10–150 ng/mL

Male

29–248 μg/L

29–248 ng/mL

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

S, P

Female

Menstruating

Follicular phase

3.0–20.0 IU/L

3.0–20.0 mIU/mL

Ovulatory phase

9.0–26.0 IU/L

9.0–26.0 mIU/mL

Luteal phase

1.0–12.0 IU/L

1.0–12.0 mIU/mL

Postmenopausal

18.0–153.0 IU/L

18.0–153.0 mIU/mL

Male

1.0–12.0 IU/L

1.0–12.0 mIU/mL

Fructosamine

S

<285 μmol/L

Galectin-3

S

Low risk

≤17.8 μg/L

≤17.8 ng/mL

Intermediate risk

17.9–25.9 μg/L

17.9–25.9 ng/mL

Higher risk

>25.9 μg/L

>25.9 ng/mL

Gamma glutamyltransferase

S

0.15–0.99 μkat/L

9–58 U/L

Gastrin

S

<100 ng/L

<100 pg/mL

Glucagon

P

40–130 ng/L

40–130 pg/mL

Glucose

WB

3.6–5.3 mmol/L

65–95 mg/dL

Glucose (fasting)

P

Normal

4.2–5.6 mmol/L

75–100 mg/dL

Increased risk for diabetes

5.6–6.9 mmol/L

100–125 mg/dL

Diabetes mellitus

Fasting ≥7.0 mmol/L

Fasting ≥126 mg/dL

A 2-h level of ≥11.1 mmol/L during an oral glucose tolerance test

A 2-h level of ≥200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test

A random glucose level of ≥11.1 mmol/L in patients with symptoms of hyperglycemia

A random glucose level of ≥200 mg/dL in patients with symptoms of hyperglycemia

Growth hormone

S

0–5 μg/L

0–5 ng/mL

Hemoglobin A_lc

WB

0.04–0.06 Hgb fraction

4.0–5.6%

Prediabetes

0.057–0.064 Hgb fraction

5.7–6.4%

Diabetes mellitus

A hemoglobin A_1c level of ≥0.065 Hgb fraction as suggested by the American Diabetes Association

A hemoglobin A_1c level of ≥6.5% as suggested by the American Diabetes Association

Hemoglobin A_1c with estimated average glucose (eAG)

WB

eAg mmoL/L = 1.59 × HbA_1c – 2.59

eAg (mg/dL) = 28.7 × HbA_1c – 46.7

Homocysteine

P

4.4–10.8 μmol/L

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

S

Nonpregnant female

<5 IU/L

<5 mIU/mL

1–2 weeks postconception

9–130 IU/L

9–130 mIU/mL

2–3 weeks postconception

75–2600 IU/L

75–2600 mIU/mL

3–4 weeks postconception

850–20,800 IU/L

850–20,800 mIU/mL

4–5 weeks postconception

4000–100,200 IU/L

4000–100,200 mIU/mL

5–10 weeks postconception

11,500–289,000 IU/L

11,500–289,000 mIU/mL

10–14 weeks postconception

18,300–137,000 IU/L

18,300–137,000 mIU/mL

Second trimester

1400–53,000 IU/L

1400–53,000 mIU/mL

Third trimester

940–60,000 IU/L

940–60,000 mIU/mL

Human epididymis protein 4 (HE-4)

S

0–150 pmol/L

β-Hydroxybutyrate

P

60–170 μmol/L

0.6–1.8 mg/dL

17-Hydroxyprogesterone (adult)

S

Male

<4.17 nmol/L

<139 ng/dL

Female

Follicular phase

0.45–2.1 nmol/L

15–70 ng/dL

Luteal phase

1.05–8.7 nmol/L

35–290 ng/dL

Immunofixation

S

Not applicable

No bands detected

Immunoglobulin, quantitation (adult)

IgA

S

0.70–3.50 g/L

70–350 mg/dL

IgD

S

0–140 mg/L

0–14 mg/dL

IgE

S

1–87 kIU/L

1–87 IU/mL

IgG

S

7.0–17.0 g/L

700–1700 mg/dL

IgG₁

S

2.7–17.4 g/L

270–1740 mg/dL

IgG₂

S

0.3–6.3 g/L

30–630 mg/dL

IgG₃

S

0.13–3.2 g/L

13–320 mg/dL

IgG₄

S

0.11–6.2 g/L

11–620 mg/dL

IgM

S

0.50–3.0 g/L

50–300 mg/dL

Inhibin A

S

Males

≤2.0 ng/L

≤2.0 pg/mL

Females

Early follicular phase

1.8–17.3 ng/L

1.8–17.3 pg/mL

Mid follicular phase

3.5–31.7 ng/L

3.5–17.3 pg/mL

Late follicular phase

9.8–90.3 ng/L

9.8–90.3 pg/mL

Midcycle

16.9–91.8 ng/L

16.9–91.8 pg/mL

Early luteal phase

16.1–97.5 ng/L

16.1–97.5 pg/mL

Mid luteal phase

3.9–87.7 ng/L

3.9–87.7 pg/mL

Late luteal phase

2.7–47.1 ng/L

2.7–47.1 pg/mL

Postmenopausal

<1.0–2.1 ng/L

<1.0–2.1 pg/mL

Insulin

S, P

14.35–143.5 pmol/L

2–20 μU/mL

Iron

S

7–25 μmol/L

41–141 μg/dL

Iron-binding capacity

S

45–73 μmol/L

251–406 μg/dL

Iron-binding capacity saturation

S

0.16–0.35

16–35%

Ischemia modified albumin

S

<85 kU/L

<85 U/mL

Joint fluid crystal

JF

Not applicable

No crystals seen

Joint fluid mucin

JF

Not applicable

Only type I mucin present

Ketone (acetone)

S

Negative

Lactate

P, arterial

0.5–1.6 mmol/L

4.5–14.4 mg/dL

P, venous

0.5–2.2 mmol/L

4.5–19.8 mg/dL

Lactate dehydrogenase

S

2.0–3.8 μkat/L

115–221 U/L

Lamellar body count

AMF

Immature

Indeterminate

Mature

<15,000/μL

15,000–50,000/μL

>50,000/μL

<15,000/μL

15,000-50,000/μL

>50,000/μL

Lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio

AMF

Immature

Transitional

Mature

≤1.5

1.5–1.9

2.0–2.5 or greater

≤1.5

1.5–1.9

2.0–2.5 or greater

Lipase

S

0.51–0.73 μkat/L

3–43 U/L

Lipoprotein (a)

S

0–300 mg/L

0–30 mg/dL

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2

S, P

0–234 μg/L

0–234 ng/mL

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

S, P

Female

Menstruating

Follicular phase

2.0–15.0 U/L

2.0–15.0 mIU/mL

Ovulatory phase

22.0–105.0 U/L

22.0–105.0 mIU/mL

Luteal phase

0.6–19.0 U/L

0.6–19.0 mIU/mL

Postmenopausal

16.0–64.0 U/L

16.0–64.0 mIU/mL

Male

2.0–12.0 U/L

2.0–12.0 mIU/mL

Magnesium

S

0.62–0.95 mmol/L

1.5–2.3 mg/dL

Metanephrine

P

<0.5 nmol/L

<100 pg/mL

Methemoglobin

WB

0.0–0.01

0–1% of total Hgb value

Myoglobin

S

Male

20–71 μg/L

Female

25–58 μg/L

Norepinephrine

P

Supine (30 min)

650–2423 pmol/L

110–410 pg/mL

Sitting

709–4019 pmol/L

120–680 pg/mL

Standing (30 min)

739–4137 pmol/L

125–700 pg/mL

N-telopeptide (cross-linked), NTx

S

Female, premenopausal

6.2–19.0 nmol BCE

Male

5.4–24.2 nmol BCE

BCE = bone collagen equivalent

NT-proBNP

S, P

<125 ng/L up to 75 years

<125 pg/mL up to 75 years

<450 ng/L >75 years

<450 pg/mL >75 years

5′ Nucleotidase

S

0.00–0.19 μkat/L

0–11 U/L

Osmolality

P

275–295 mOsmol/kg serum water

Osteocalcin

S

11–50 μg/L

11–50 ng/mL

Oxygen content (age and gender related)

WB

Arterial (sea level)

17–21 mL/dL

17–21 vol%

Venous (sea level)

10–16 mL/dL

10–16 vol%

Oxygen saturation (sea level)

WB

Fraction:

Percent:

Arterial

0.91–1.0

91–100

Venous, arm

0.60–0.85

60–85

Parathyroid hormone (intact)

S

8–51 ng/L

8–51 pg/mL

Phosphatase, alkaline

S

0.56–1.63 μkat/L

33–96 U/L

Phosphatase, alkaline bone

S

Male

≤20 μg/L

≤20 ng/mL

Female

Premenopausal

≤14 μg/L

≤14 ng/mL

Postmenopausal

≤22 μg/L

≤22 ng/mL

Phosphorus, inorganic

S

0.81–1.4 mmol/L

2.5–4.3 mg/dL

Potassium

S

3.5–5.0 mmol/L

3.5–5.0 meq/L

Prealbumin (transthyretin)

S

170–340 mg/L

17–34 mg/dL

Procalcitonin

S

<0.1 μg/L

<0.1 ng/mL

Progesterone

S, P

Female

Follicular

<3.18 nmol/L

<1.0 ng/mL

Midluteal

9.54–63.6 nmol/L

3–20 ng/mL

Male

<3.18 nmol/L

<1.0 ng/mL

Prolactin

S

Male

53–360 mg/L

2.5–17 ng/mL

Female

40–530 mg/L

1.9–25 ng/mL

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

S

0.0–4.0 μg/L

0.0–4.0 ng/mL

Prostate-specific antigen, free

S

With total PSA between 4 and 10 μg/L and when the free PSA is:

With total PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL and when the free PSA is:

>0.25 decreased risk of prostate cancer

>25% decreased risk of prostate cancer

<0.10 increased risk of prostate cancer

<10% increased risk of prostate cancer

Protein fractions

S

Albumin

35–55 g/L

3.5–5.5 g/dL (50–60%)

Globulin

20–35 g/L

2.0–3.5 g/dL (40–50%)

Alpha₁

2–4 g/L

0.2–0.4 g/dL (4.2–7.2%)

Alpha₂

5–9 g/L

0.5–0.9 g/dL (6.8–12%)

Beta

6–11 g/L

0.6–1.1 g/dL (9.3–15%)

Gamma

7–17 g/L

0.7–1.7 g/dL (13–23%)

Protein, total

S

67–86 g/L

6.7–8.6 g/dL

Pyruvate

P

40–130 μmol/L

0.35–1.14 mg/dL

Retinol-binding protein

S

0.71–2.9 μmol/L

1.5–6.0 mg/dL

Rheumatoid factor

S

<15 kIU/L

<15 IU/mL

Serotonin

WB

0.28–1.14 μmol/L

50–200 ng/mL

Serum protein electrophoresis

S

Not applicable

Normal pattern

Sex hormone–binding globulin (adult)

S

Male

11–80 nmol/L

Female

30–135 nmol/L

Sodium

S

136–146 mmol/L

136–146 meq/L

Somatomedin-C (IGF-1) (adult)

S

16 years

226–903 μg/L

226–903 ng/mL

17 years

193–731 μg/L

193–731 ng/mL

18 years

163–584 μg/L

163–584 ng/mL

19 years

141–483 μg/L

141–483 ng/mL

20 years

127–424 μg/L

127–424 ng/mL

21–25 years

116–358 μg/L

116–358 ng/mL

26–30 years

117–329 μg/L

117–329 ng/mL

31–35 years

115–307 μg/L

115–307 ng/mL

36–40 years

119–204 μg/L

119–204 ng/mL

41–45 years

101–267 μg/L

101–267 ng/mL

46–50 years

94–252 μg/L

94–252 ng/mL

51–55 years

87–238 μg/L

87–238 ng/mL

56–60 years

81–225 μg/L

81–225 ng/mL

61–65 years

75–212 μg/L

75–212 ng/mL

66–70 years

69–200 μg/L

69–200 ng/mL

71–75 years

64–188 μg/L

64–188 ng/mL

76–80 years

59–177 μg/L

59–177 ng/mL

81–85 years

55–166 μg/L

55–166 ng/mL

Somatostatin

P

<25 ng/L

<25 pg/mL

Testosterone, free

Female, adult

S

10.4–65.9 pmol/L

3–19 pg/mL

Male, adult

312–1041 pmol/L

90–300 pg/mL

Testosterone, total

S

Female

0.21–2.98 nmol/L

6–86 ng/dL

Male

9.36–37.10 nmol/L

270–1070 ng/dL

Thyroglobulin

S

13–318 μg/L

1.3–31.8 ng/mL

Thyroid-binding globulin

S

13–30 mg/L

1.3–3.0 mg/dL

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

S

0.34–4.25 mIU/L

0.34–4.25 μIU/mL

Thyrotropin receptor antibody

S

≤1.75 IU/L

≤1.75 mIU/mL

Thyroxine, free (fT₄)

S

9.0–16 pmol/L

0.7–1.24 ng/dL

Thyroxine, total (T₄)

S

70–151 nmol/L

5.4–11.7 μg/dL

Thyroxine index (free)

S

6.7–10.9

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody, IgA

S

Negative

<4.0 Units/mL

Weak positive

4.0–10.0 Units/mL

Positive

>10.0 Units/mL

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody, IgG

S

Negative

<6.0 Units/mL

Weak positive

6.0–9.0 Units/mL

Positive

>9.0 Units/mL

Transferrin

S

2.0–4.0 g/L

200–400 mg/dL

Transferrin, carbohydrate deficient, for alcohol use

S

0.017

1.7%

Triglycerides

S

0.34–2.26 mmol/L

30–200 mg/dL

Triiodothyronine, free (fT₃)

S

3.7–6.5 pmol/L

2.4–4.2 pg/mL

Triiodothyronine, total (T₃)

S

1.2–2.1 nmol/L

77–135 ng/dL

Troponin I

S, P

99th percentile of a healthy population

Method-dependent

Troponin T

S, P

99th percentile of a healthy population

0–14 ng/L

Urea nitrogen

S

2.5–7.1 mmol/L

7–20 mg/dL

Uric acid

S

Females

0.15–0.33 mmol/L

2.5–5.6 mg/dL

Males

0.18–0.41 mmol/L

3.1–7.0 mg/dL

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

P

0–60 ng/L

0–60 pg/mL

Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)

WB

0–400 μg/L

0–40 μg/dL

ZPP-to-heme ratio

WB

0–69 μmol ZPP/mol heme

Abbreviations: AMF, amniotic fluid; P, plasma; S, serum; WB, whole blood.

Source: NJ Stone et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 63:2889–2934, 2014.

TABLE 3TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING

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TABLE 3TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING

THERAPEUTIC RANGE

TOXIC LEVEL

DRUG

SI UNITS

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

Acetaminophen

66–199 μmol/L

10–30 μg/mL

>1320 μmol/L

>200 μg/mL

Amikacin

Peak

34–51 μmol/L

20–30 μg/mL

>60 μmol/L

>35 μg/mL

Trough

0–17 μmol/L

0–10 μg/mL

>17 μmol/L

>10 μg/mL

Amitriptyline/nortriptyline (total drug)

430–900 nmol/L

120–250 ng/mL

>1800 nmol/L

>500 ng/mL

Amphetamine

150–220 nmol/L

20–30 ng/mL

>1500 nmol/L

>200 ng/mL

Bromide

9.4–18.7 mmol/L

75–150 mg/dL

>18.8 mmol/L

>150 mg/dL

Mild toxicity

6.4–18.8 mmol/L

51–150 mg/dL

Severe toxicity

>18.8 mmol/L

>150 mg/dL

Lethal

>37.5 mmol/L

>300 mg/dL

Caffeine

25.8–103 μmol/L

5–20 μg/mL

>206 μmol/L

>40 μg/mL

Carbamazepine

17–42 μmol/L

4–10 μg/mL

> 85 μmol/L

>20 μg/mL

Chloramphenicol

Peak

31–62 μmol/L

10–20 μg/mL

>77 μmol/L

>25 μg/mL

Trough

15–31 μmol/L

5–10 μg/mL

>46 μmol/L

>15 μg/mL

Chlordiazepoxide

1.7–10 μmol/L

0.5–3.0 μg/mL

>17 μmol/L

>5.0 μg/mL

Clonazepam

32–240 nmol/L

10–75 ng/mL

>320 nmol/L

>100 ng/mL

Clozapine

0.6–2.1 μmol/L

200–700 ng/mL

>3.7 μmol/L

>1200 ng/mL

Cocaine

>3.3 μmol/L

>1.0 μg/mL

Codeine

43–110 nmol/mL

13–33 ng/mL

>3700 nmol/mL

>1100 ng/mL (lethal)

Cyclosporine

Renal transplant

0–6 months

208–312 nmol/L

250–375 ng/mL

>312 nmol/L

>375 ng/mL

6–12 months after transplant

166–250 nmol/L

200–300 ng/mL

>250 nmol/L

>300 ng/mL

>12 months

83–125 nmol/L

100–150 ng/mL

>125 nmol/L

>150 ng/mL

Cardiac transplant

0–6 months

208–291 nmol/L

250–350 ng/mL

>291 nmol/L

>350 ng/mL

6–12 months after transplant

125–208 nmol/L

150–250 ng/mL

>208 nmol/L

>250 ng/mL

>12 months

83–125 nmol/L

100–150 ng/mL

>125 nmol/L

150 ng/mL

Lung transplant

0–6 months

250–374 nmol/L

300–450 ng/mL

>374 nmol/L

>450 ng/mL

Liver transplant

Initiation

208–291 nmol/L

250–350 ng/mL

>291 nmol/L

>350 ng/mL

Maintenance

83–166 nmol/L

100–200 ng/mL

>166 nmol/L

>200 ng/mL

Desipramine

375–1130 nmol/L

100–300 ng/mL

>1880 nmol/L

>500 ng/mL

Diazepam (and metabolite)

Diazepam

0.7 –3.5 μmol/L

0.2–1.0 μg/mL

>7.0 μmol/L

>2.0 μg/mL

Nordiazepam

0.4– 6.6 μmol/L

0.1–1.8 μg/mL

>9.2 μmol/L

>2.5 μg/mL

Digoxin

0.64–1.6 nmol/L

0.5–1.2 ng/mL

>3.1 nmol/L

>2.4 ng/mL

Disopyramide

5.3–14.7 μmol/L

2–5 μg/mL

>20.6 μmol/L

>7 μg/mL

Doxepin and nordoxepin

Doxepin

0.36–0.98 μmol/L

101–274 ng/mL

>1.8 μmol/L

>503 ng/mL

Nordoxepin

0.38–1.04 μmol/L

106–291 ng/mL

>1.9 μmol/L

>531 ng/mL

Ethanol

Behavioral changes

>4.3 mmol/L

>20 mg/dL

Legal limit

≥17 mmol/L

≥80 mg/dL

Critical with acute exposure

>54 mmol/L

>250 mg/dL

Ethylene glycol

Toxic

>2 mmol/L

>12 mg/dL

Lethal

>20 mmol/L

>120 mg/dL

Ethosuximide

280–700 μmol/L

40–100 μg/mL

>700 μmol/L

>100 μg/mL

Everolimus (trough)

Kidney transplant

3.1–8.34 nmol/L

3–8 ng/mL

>12.5 nmol/L

>12 ng/mL

Oncology

5.2–10.4 nmol/L

5.0–10.0 ng/mL

>12.5 nmol/L

>12 ng/mL

Felbamate (trough)

126–252 μmol/L

30–60 μg/mL

Toxic range not well established

Flecainide

0.5–2.4 μmol/L

0.2–1.0 μg/mL

>3.6 μmol/L

>1.5 μg/mL

Gabapentin (trough)

11.7–116.8 μmol/L

2–20 μg/mL

Toxic range not well established

Gentamicin

Peak

10–21 μmol/mL

5–10 μg/mL

>25 μmol/mL

>12 μg/mL

Trough

0–4.2 μmol/mL

0–2 μg/mL

>4.2 μmol/mL

>2 μg/mL

Heroin (diacetyl morphine)

>700 μmol/L

>200 ng/mL (as morphine)

Ibuprofen

49–243 μmol/L

10–50 μg/mL

>970 μmol/L

>200 μg/mL

Imipramine (and metabolites)

Desimipramine

375–1130 nmol/L

100–300 ng/mL

>1880 nmol/L

>500 ng/mL

Total imipramine + desimipramine

563–1130 nmol/L

150–300 ng/mL

>1880 nmol/L

>500 ng/mL

Isopropanol

>8.3 mmol/L

>50 mg/dL

Lamotrigine

11.7–54.7 μmol/L

3–14 μg/mL

>58.7 μmol/L

>15 μg/mL

Levetiracetam (Keppra)

29–176 μmol/L

5–30 μg/mL

Toxic range not well established

Lidocaine

5.1–21.3 μmol/L

1.2–5.0 μg/mL

>38.4 μmol/L

>9.0 μg/mL

Lithium

0.5–1.3 mmol/L

0.5–1.3 meq/L

>2 mmol/L

>2 meq/L

Methadone

1.0–3.2 μmol/L

0.3–1.0 μg/mL

>6.5 μmol/L

>2 μg/mL

Methamphetamine

0.07–0.34 μmol/L

0.01–0.05 μg/mL

>3.35 μmol/L

>0.5 μg/mL

Methanol

>6 mmol/L

>20 mg/dL

Methotrexate

Low-dose

0.01–0.1 μmol/L

>0.1 μmol/L

High-dose (24h)

<5.0 μmol/L

>5.0 μmol/L

High-dose (48h)

<0.50 μmol/L

>0.5 μmol/L

High-dose (72h)

<0.10 μmol/L

>0.1 μmol/L

Morphine

232–286 μmol/L

65–80 ng/mL

>720 μmol/L

>200 ng/mL

Mycophenolic acid

3.1–10.9 μmol/L

1.0–3.5 ng/mL

>37 μmol/L

>12 ng/mL

Nitroprusside (as thiocyanate)

103–499 μmol/L

6–29 μg/mL

860 μmol/L

>50 μg/mL

Nortriptyline

190–569 nmol/L

50–150 ng/mL

>1900 nmol/L

>500 ng/mL

Phenobarbital

65–172 μmol/L

15–40 μg/mL

>258 μmol/L

>60 μg/mL

Phenytoin

40–79 μmol/L

10–20 μg/mL

>158 μmol/L

>40 μg/mL

Phenytoin, free

4.0–7.9 μg/mL

1–2 μg/mL

>13.9 μg/mL

>3.5 μg/mL

% Free

0.08–0.14

8–14%

Primidone and metabolite

Primidone

23–55 μmol/L

5–12 μg/mL

>69 μmol/L

>15 μg/mL

Phenobarbital

65–172 μmol/L

15–40 μg/mL

>215 μmol/L

>50 μg/mL

Procainamide

17–42 μmol/L

4–10 μg/mL

>43 μmol/L

>10 μg/mL

NAPA (N-acetylprocainamide)

22–72 μmol/L

6–20 μg/mL

>126 μmol/L

>35 μg/mL

Quinidine

6.2–15.4 μmol/L

2.0–5.0 μg/mL

>19 μmol/L

>6 μg/mL

Salicylates

145–2100 μmol/L

2–29 mg/dL

>2900 μmol/L

>40 mg/dL

Sirolimus (trough level)

Kidney transplant

4.4–15.4 nmol/L

4–14 ng/mL

>16 nmol/L

>15 ng/mL

Tacrolimus (FK506) (trough)

Kidney and liver transplant

Initiation

12–19 nmol/L

10–15 ng/mL

>25 nmol/L

>20 ng/mL

Maintenance

6–12 nmol/L

5–10 ng/mL

>25 nmol/L

>20 ng/mL

Heart transplant

Initiation

19–25 nmol/L

15–20 ng/mL

Maintenance

6–12 nmol/L

5–10 ng/mL

Theophylline

56–111 μg/mL

10–20 μg/mL

>168 μg/mL

>30 μg/mL

Thiocyanate

After nitroprusside infusion

103–499 μmol/L

6–29 μg/mL

860 μmol/L

>50 μg/mL

Nonsmoker

17–69 μmol/L

1–4 μg/mL

Smoker

52–206 μmol/L

3–12 μg/mL

Tobramycin

Peak

11–22 μg/L

5–10 μg/mL

>26 μg/L

>12 μg/mL

Trough

0–4.3 μg/L

0–2 μg/mL

>4.3 μg/L

>2 μg/mL

Topiramate (trough)

5.9–58.9 μmol/L

2.0–20.0 μg/mL

Toxic range not well established

Valproic acid

346–693 μmol/L

50–100 μg/mL

>693 μmol/L

>100 μg/mL

Vancomycin

Peak

14–28 μmol/L

20–40 μg/mL

>55 μmol/L

>80 μg/mL

Trough

3.5–10.4 μmol/L

5–15 μg/mL

>14 μmol/L

>20 μg/mL

Zonisamide (trough)

47–188 μmol/L

10–40 μg/mL

Toxic range not well established

TABLE 4VITAMINS AND SELECTED TRACE MINERALS

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TABLE 4VITAMINS AND SELECTED TRACE MINERALS

REFERENCE RANGE

SPECIMEN

ANALYTE

SI UNITS

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

Aluminum

S

<0.2 μmol/L

<5.41 μg/L

Arsenic

WB

0.0–0.17 μmol/L

0–13 μg/L

Cadmium

WB

<44.5 nmol/L

<5.0 μg/L

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)

P

433–1532 μg/L

β-Carotene

S

0.07–1.43 μmol/L

4–77 μg/dL

Copper

S

11–22 μmol/L

70–140 μg/dL

Folic acid

RC

340–1020 nmol/L cells

150–450 ng/mL cells

Folic acid

S

12.2–40.8 nmol/L

5.4–18.0 ng/mL

Lead

S

Adult

<0.5 μmol/L

<10 μg/dL

Children

<0.25 μmol/L

<5 μg/dL

Mercury

WB

0–50 μmol/L

0–10 μg/L

Selenium

S

0.8–2.0 μmol/L

63–160 μg/L

Vitamin A

S

0.7–3.5 μmol/L

20–100 μg/dL

Vitamin B₁ (thiamine)

S

0–75 nmol/L

0–2 μg/dL

Vitamin B₂ (riboflavin)

S

106–638 nmol/L

4–24 μg/dL

Vitamin B₆

P

20–121 nmol/L

5–30 ng/mL

Vitamin B₁₂

S

206–735 pmol/L

279–996 pg/mL

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

S

23–57 μmol/L

0.4–1.0 mg/dL

Vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxy, total

S, P

36–180 pmol/L

15–75 pg/mL

Vitamin D 25-hydroxy, total

P

75–250 nmol/L

30–100 ng/mL

Vitamin E

S

12–42 μmol/L

5–18 μg/mL

Vitamin K

S

0.29–2.64 nmol/L

0.13–1.19 ng/mL

Zinc

S

11.5–18.4 μmol/L

75–120 μg/dL

Abbreviations: P, plasma; RC, red cells; S, serum; WB, whole blood.

TABLE 5CEREBROSPINAL FLUID^a

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TABLE 5CEREBROSPINAL FLUID^a

REFERENCE RANGE

CONSTITUENT

SI UNITS

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

Osmolarity

292–297 mmol/kg water

292–297 mOsm/L

Electrolytes

Sodium

137–145 mmol/L

137–145 meq/L

Potassium

2.7–3.9 mmol/L

2.7–3.9 meq/L

Calcium

1.0–1.5 mmol/L

2.1–3.0 meq/L

Magnesium

1.0–1.2 mmol/L

2.0–2.5 meq/L

Chloride

116–122 mmol/L

116–122 meq/L

CO₂ content

20–24 mmol/L

20–24 meq/L

PCO₂

6–7 kPa

45–49 mmHg

pH

7.31–7.34

Glucose

2.22–3.89 mmol/L

40–70 mg/dL

Lactate

1–2 mmol/L

10–20 mg/dL

Total protein

Lumbar

0.15–0.5 g/L

15–50 mg/dL

Cisternal

0.15–0.25 g/L

15–25 mg/dL

Ventricular

0.06–0.15 g/L

6–15 mg/dL

Albumin

0.066–0.442 g/L

6.6–44.2 mg/dL

IgG

0.009–0.057 g/L

0.9–5.7 mg/dL

IgG index^b

0.29–0.59

Oligoclonal bands (OGB)

<2 bands not present in matched serum sample

Ammonia

15–47 μmol/L

25–80 μg/dL

Creatinine

44–168 μmol/L

0.5–1.9 mg/dL

Myelin basic protein

<4 μg/L

CSF pressure

50–180 mmH₂O

CSF volume (adult)

~150 mL

Red blood cells

0

Leukocytes

Total

0–5 mononuclear cells per μL

Differential

Lymphocytes

60–70%

Monocytes

30–50%

Neutrophils

None

^aSince cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations are equilibrium values, measurements of the same parameters in blood plasma obtained at the same time are recommended. However, there is a time lag in attainment of equilibrium, and cerebrospinal levels of plasma constituents that can fluctuate rapidly (such as plasma glucose) may not achieve stable values until after a significant lag phase.

^bIgG index = CSF IgG (mg/dL) × serum albumin (g/dL)/serum IgG (g/dL) × CSF albumin (mg/dL).

TABLE 6URINE ANALYSIS AND RENAL FUNCTION TESTS

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TABLE 6URINE ANALYSIS AND RENAL FUNCTION TESTS

REFERENCE RANGE

SI UNITS

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

Acidity, titratable

20–40 mmol/d

20–40 meq/d

Aldosterone

Normal diet: 6–25 μg/d

Low-salt diet: 17–44 μg/d

High-salt diet: 0–6 μg/d

Aluminum

0.19–1.11 μmol/L

5–30 μg/L

Ammonia

30–50 mmol/d

30–50 meq/d

Amylase

4–400 U/L

Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio ([Cl_am/Cl_cr] × 100)

1–5

Arsenic

0.07–0.67 μmol/d

5–50 μg/d

Bence Jones protein, urine, qualitative

Not applicable

None detected

Bence Jones protein, urine, quantitative

Free kappa

1.4–24.2 mg/L

0.14–2.42 mg/dL

Free lambda

0.2–6.7 mg/L

0.02–0.67 mg/dL

K/L ratio

2.04–10.37

Calcium (10 meq/d or 200 mg/d dietary calcium)

<7.5 mmol/d

<300 mg/d

Chloride

140–250 mmol/d

Citrate

320–1240 mg/d

Copper

<0.95 μmol/d

<60 μg/d

Coproporphyrins (types I and III)

0–20 μmol/mol creatinine

Cortisol, free

55–193 nmol/d

20–70 μg/d

Creatine, as creatinine

Female

<760 μmol/d

<100 mg/d

Male

<380 μmol/d

<50 mg/d

Creatinine

8.8–14 mmol/d

1.0–1.6 g/d

Dopamine

392–2876 nmol/d

60–440 μg/d

Eosinophils

<100 eosinophils/mL

Epinephrine

0–109 nmol/d

0–20 μg/d

Glomerular filtration rate

>60 mL/min/1.73 m²

For African Americans, multiply the result by 1.21

Glucose (glucose oxidase method)

0.3–1.7 mmol/d

50–300 mg/d

5-Hydroindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

0–78.8 μmol/d

0–15 mg/d

Hydroxyproline

53–328 μmol/d

Iodine, spot urine

WHO classification of iodine deficiency

Not iodine deficient

>100 μg/L

Mild iodine deficiency

50–100 μg/L

Moderate iodine deficiency

20–49 μg/L

Severe iodine deficiency

<20 μg/L

Ketone (acetone)

Negative

17 Ketosteroids

3–12 mg/d

Metanephrines

Metanephrine

30–350 μg/d

Normetanephrine

50–650 μg/d

Microalbumin

Normal

0.0–0.03 g/d

0–30 mg/d

Microalbuminuria

0.03–0.30 g/d

30–300 mg/d

Clinical albuminuria

>0.3 g/d

>300 mg/d

Microalbumin/creatinine ratio

Normal

0–3.4 g/mol creatinine

0–30 μg/mg creatinine

Microalbuminuria

3.4–34 g/mol creatinine

30–300 μg/mg creatinine

Clinical albuminuria

>34 g/mol creatinine

>300 μg/mg creatinine

β₂-Microglobulin

0–160 μg/L

Norepinephrine

89–473 nmol/d

15–80 μg/d

N-telopeptide (cross-linked), NTx

Female, premenopausal

17–94 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine

Female, postmenopausal

26–124 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine

Male

21–83 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine

Osmolality

100–800 mosm/kg

Oxalate

Male

80–500 μmol/d

7–44 mg/d

Female

45–350 μmol/d

4–31 mg/d

pH

5.0–9.0

Phosphate (phosphorus) (varies with intake)

12.9–42.0 mmol/d

400–1300 mg/d

Porphobilinogen

None

Potassium (varies with intake)

25–100 mmol/d

25–100 meq/d

Protein

<0.15 g/d

<150 mg/d

Protein/creatinine ratio

Male: 15–68 mg/g

Female: 10–107 mg/g

Sediment

Red blood cells

0–2/high-power field

White blood cells

0–2/high-power field

Bacteria

None

Crystals

None

Bladder cells

None

Squamous cells

None

Tubular cells

None

Broad casts

None

Epithelial cell casts

None

Granular casts

None

Hyaline casts

0–5/low-power field

Red blood cell casts

None

Waxy casts

None

White cell casts

None

Sodium (varies with intake)

100–260 mmol/d

100–260 meq/d

Specific gravity:

After 12-h fluid restriction

>1.025

After 12-h deliberate water intake

≤1.003

Tubular reabsorption, phosphorus

0.79–0.94 of filtered load

79–94% of filtered load

Urea nitrogen

214–607 mmol/d

6–17 g/d

Uric acid (normal diet)

1.49–4.76 mmol/d

250–800 mg/d

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

<30 μmol/d

<6 mg/d

Abbreviation: BCE = bone collagen equivalent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The contributions of Drs. Daniel J. Fink, Patrick M. Sluss, James L. Januzzi, Kent B. Lewandrowski, Amudha Palanisamy, and Scott Fink to this chapter in previous editions are gratefully acknowledged. We also express our gratitude to Drs. Alex Rai and Jeffrey Jhang for helpful suggestions.

APPENDIX: LABORATORY VALUES OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

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