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Appendix C: Spinal Nerves and Plexuses

FIGURE C–1

Motor and sensory levels of the spinal cord.

An illustration shows the motor and sensory levels of the spinal cord, labeled from 1 to 12, and their associated functions. The illustration is divided into sections representing different regions of the body, and the corresponding motor and sensory functions are labeled. The regions include the head and neck, upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs. Motor and sensory levels are indicated for various nerves, such as the cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus. The illustration provides a comprehensive overview of the spinal cord’s organization and its role in controlling motor and sensory functions in different body areas.
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FIGURE C–2

The cervical plexus.

An illustration shows the cervical plexus, specifically labeled parts from C1 to C5, and their associated structures. The labeled elements include the C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 nerve roots, which form the cervical plexus. Additionally, the illustration shows the trapezius muscle, omohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle, thyrohyoid muscle, and ansa hypoglossi, which are all anatomical structures associated with the cervical plexus. The cervical plexus is important for innervating various muscles and structures in the neck and plays a crucial role in motor and sensory functions in this region.
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FIGURE C–3

The brachial plexus.

An illustration shows the brachial plexus and its labeled parts from C4 to T2, including the C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2 nerve roots. The brachial plexus and its labeled parts from C4 to T2, including the C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2 nerve roots It also displays the major branches of the brachial plexus, such as the musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, axillary nerve, and radial nerve. The illustration provides an overview of the nerve roots and their distribution within the brachial plexus, which is vital for controlling motor and sensory functions in the upper limb.
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FIGURE C–4

Segmental innervation of the right upper extremity, anterior view.

An illustration shows the lateral innervation of the right upper extremity from C6 to T3 in an anterior perspective. The segmental innervation of the right upper extremity from C6 to T3 in an anterior position displays labeled parts that include C6, C8, C7, T1, T2, and T3, representing the nerve roots responsible for motor and sensory functions in different areas of the upper limb. The illustration also indicates the corresponding dermatomes and myotomes associated with each nerve root.
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FIGURE C–5

Segmental innervation of the right upper extremity, posterior view.

An illustration of the segmental innervation of the right upper extremity from C8 to T3 in a posterior view. The segmental innervation of the right upper extremity from C8 to T3 in a posterior view, Labeled parts include C8, C7, C6, C5, C4, T1, T2, and T3, representing the nerve roots that control motor and sensory functions in various regions of the upper limb. The illustration also shows the associated dermatomes and myotomes for each nerve root.
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FIGURE C–6

Musculocutaneous (C5, 6) and axillary (C5, 6) nerves.

An illustration shows the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves. The musculocutaneous and axillary nerves, specifically labeled parts, include the deltoid muscle, lateral brachial cutaneous nerve, coracobrachialis muscle, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscle. It demonstrates the relationship between these nerves and muscles, which play crucial roles in the motor and sensory functions of the upper limb.
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FIGURE C–7

The radial nerve (C6–8; T1).

An overview of the radial nerve illustrates its relationship with various muscles and structures in the upper limb. The radial nerve (C6–8; T1) illustrates its relationship with various muscles and structures in the upper limb. Labeled parts include the triceps brachii muscle, lateral head, long head, brachialis muscle, extensor-supinator group, brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, anconeus, deep radial nerve, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum communis, extensor digiti quinti proprius, extensor carpi ulnaris, supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis proprius, lateral cord, posterior cord, and medial cord. These elements are associated with the radial nerve and its motor and sensory distribution in the upper limb.
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FIGURE C–8

The median nerve (C6–8; T1).

An illustration shows the median nerve (C6 to 8; T1) and its labeled parts. The median nerve (C6 to 8; T1) and its labeled parts include the flexor-pronator muscle group, pronator teres, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, thenar muscles (abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and flexor pollicis brevis), first and second lumbricales, and pronator quadratus. Additionally, it shows the articular rami and the median nerve’s anastomosis with the ulnar nerve. The illustration shows the median nerve’s role in controlling motor and sensory functions in the hand and forearm.
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FIGURE C–9

The ulnar nerve (C8, T1).

An illustration shows the ulnar nerve’s role in controlling motor and sensory functions in the hand and forearm. The ulnar nerve (C8, T1) and its labeled parts, which include the humens,ral portion, medial epicondyle, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus (median half), palmaris brevis, abductor digiti quinti, opponens digiti quinti, flexor digiti quinti, dorsal interossei, palmar interossei, ulnar lumbricales, and interosseous atrophy The illustration highlights the ulnar nerve’s role in controlling motor and sensory functions in the hand and forearm, as well as its distribution in these regions.
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FIGURE C–10

The lumbar plexus.

An illustration shows the lumbar plexus and its labeled parts. The lumbar plexus and its labeled components. The term includes divisions, terminal branches, and divisions from posterior divisions. Labeled elements consist of the iliohypogastric nerve (T12, L1), iliac branch, hypogastric branch, ilioinguinal nerve (L1), genitofemoral nerve (L1, 2), lumboinguinal branch, external spermatic branch, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2, 3), femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4), obturator nerve (L2, 3, 4), and lumbosacral trunk (to sacral plexus). The figure showcases the lumbar plexus and its components, which are essential for motor and sensory functions in the lower abdomen and lower limbs.
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FIGURE C–11

The femoral (L2–4) and obturator (L2–4) nerves.

An illustration shows the femoral (L2 to 4) and obturator (L2 to 4) nerves and their labeled parts. The femoral (L2-4) and obturator (L2-4) nerves and their labeled parts include the psoas major and minor muscles, iliacus muscle, femoral nerve, femoral artery, sartorius muscle, pectineus muscle, middle cutaneous nerve, medial or internal cutaneous nerve, quadriceps muscle group (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and articularis genus), saphenous branch of femoral nerve, subsartorial or cutaneous branch of obturator nerve, gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor group, obturator externus, posterior branch, anterior branch, and obturator nerve The illustration demonstrates the femoral and obturator nerves’ motor and sensory distribution in the thigh and lower limb.
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FIGURE C–12

The sacral plexus.

An illustration shows the sacral plexus and its labeled parts, including the L4 (lumbosacral trunk), trunks, cords, and branches. The sacral plexus and its labeled parts, including the L4 (lumbosacral trunk), trunks, cords, and branches feature the superior gluteal nerve (L4, 5; S1), inferior gluteal nerve (L5; S1, 2), posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1, 2, 3), sciatic nerve, common peroneal nerve, and tibial nerve. The illustration provides an overview of the sacral plexus and its motor and sensory functions in the lower back and lower limbs.
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FIGURE C–13

Segmental innervation of the right lower extremity, anterior view. Note the similarity between dermatomes (on left) and myotomes (on right).

An illustration shows the segmental innervation of the right lower extremity in an anterior view, with parts L1 to L5, S1, S2, and S3 labeled. The segmental innervation of the right lower extremity in an anterior view, with parts labeled from L1 to L5, S1, S2, and S3. It highlights the dermatomes and myotomes associated with each nerve root, allowing for an understanding of the motor and sensory functions in the lower limb.
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FIGURE C–14

Segmental innervation of the right lower extremity, posterior view.

An illustration shows the segmental innervation of the right lower extremity in a posterior view. The segmental innervation of the right lower extremity in a posterior view It features labeled parts, including L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3, representing the nerve roots responsible for motor and sensory functions in different areas of the lower limb. The illustration also shows the corresponding dermatomes and myotomes associated with each nerve root.
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FIGURE C–15

The sciatic nerve (L4, 5; S1–3).

An illustration shows the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve (L4, 5; S1–3) and its relation to various muscles, including semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head of biceps, adductor magnus, and the short head of biceps. It demonstrates the anatomical context of the sciatic nerve in the posterior thigh and lower limb.
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FIGURE C–16

The common peroneal nerve (L4, 5; S1, 2).

An illustration shows the common peroneal nerve. The common peroneal nerve (L4, 5; S1, 2) and its association with structures such as the recurrent articular nerve, deep peroneal nerve, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius muscle, extensor digitorum brevis muscle, and terminal cutaneous rami to the foot. This also indicates the relationship between the common peroneal nerve and the superficial and deep peroneal nerves.
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FIGURE C–17

The tibial nerve (L4, 5; S1–3).

An illustration shows the tibial nerve. The tibial nerve (L4, 5; S1–3) and its labeled parts, including quadratus plantae, abductor digiti quinti, flexor digiti quinti brevis, opponens digiti quinti, lateral plantar nerve, deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve, adductor hallucis, plantar interossei, dorsal interossei, lateral lumbricales, medial plantar nerve, and sensory distribution in the foot. It emphasizes the tibial nerve’s role in controlling motor and sensory functions in the lower limb.
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FIGURE C–18

The pudendal and coccygeal plexuses.

An illustration shows the pudendal and coccygeal plexuses, including their labeled parts. The pudendal and coccygeal plexuses, including their labeled parts, feature the pudendal nerve (S2 to 3) and its distribution to the levator ani, coccygeus, and sphincter ani externus muscles, as well as anococcygeal nerves. The illustration provides an understanding of the pudendal and coccygeal plexuses’ roles in controlling motor and sensory functions in the pelvic region.
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