TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Percutaneous and Endoscopic Disc Procedures A1 - Malik, Atif B. A1 - Sherlekar, Sandeep A1 - Osman, Said A1 - Mahmood, Sania A2 - Bajwa, Zahid H. A2 - Wootton, R. Joshua A2 - Warfield, Carol A. Y1 - 2016 N1 - T2 - Principles and Practice of Pain Medicine, 3e AB - Minimally invasive treatments have undertaken all areas of the spine over the past 50 years. The majority of these minimally invasive techniques use a small passage to access the appropriate anatomical area thereby minimizing the resultant injury to the neural, muscular, and ligamentous soft tissues. Spinal disc disease has been treated with chemonucleolysis, percutaneous discectomy, laser discectomy, intradiscal thermoablation, and other minimally invasive microdiscectomy techniques. The goals of minimally invasive spinal procedures embody achieving clinical outcomes comparable to conventional open surgery while reducing the risk of iatrogenic complications. With the advent of modern surgical technologies such as digital fluoroscopy image guidance, high-resolution endoscopy, and minimally invasive surgical tools, less invasive approaches have become popular over the past decade among interventional pain physicians, neurosurgeons, and orthopedic spine specialists. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - neurology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1131939030 ER -