TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control
A1  - Nestler, Eric J.
A1  - Hyman, Steven E.
A1  - Holtzman, David M.
A1  - Malenka, Robert C.
PY  - 2015
T2  - Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience, 3e
AB  - Executive  function,  the  cognitive  control  of  behavior,  depends  on  the  prefrontal  cortex,  which  is  extensively  developed  in  higher  primates  and  especially  humans.Working  memory  is  a  short-term,  capacity-limited  cognitive  buffer  that  stores  information  and  permits  its  manipulation  to  guide  decision  making  and  behavior.Attention  permits  the  selection  of  relevant  information  from  the  enormous  welter  of  sensory  inputs.  Attention  may  be  effortful  or  may  result  “bottom-up”  from  the  appearance  of  a  salient  stimulus.Attention  depends  on  working  memory  and  on  mechanisms  that  filter  sensory  inputs  for  access  to  working  memory.Attention  and  working  memory  are  modulated  by  drugs  that  directly  or  indirectly  stimulate  dopamine  D1  receptors  and  noradrenergic  receptors.  Such  drugs,  most  notably  the  psychostimulants  methylphenidate  and  amphetamine,  are  used  to  treat  attention  deficit  hyperactivity  disorder  (ADHD).ADHD  is  strongly  genetically  determined,  but  it  has  not  yet  been  possible  to  identify  specific  risk  genes.Obsessive–compulsive  disorder  (OCD)  and  Tourette  syndrome  may  represent  related  abnormalities  in  the  circuitry  connecting  the  prefrontal  cortex,  striatum,  and  thalamus.  Both  are  highly  heritable  conditions,  although  the  specific  genes  involved  remain  unknown.Declarative  or  explicit  memory,  which  is  the  memory  of  facts  and  events,  and  nondeclarative  or  implicit  memory,  which  includes  all  other  forms  such  as  procedural  memory  and  habits,  are  the  two  broad  categories  of  memory.Structures  in  the  medial  temporal  lobe,  such  as  the  hippocampus,  are  particularly  important  for  the  temporary  storage  of  declarative  memories.The  striatum  plays  a  central  role  in  procedural  and  habit  memory.The  amygdala,  part  of  the  temporal  lobe,  and  the  nucleus  accumbens,  part  of  the  ventral  striatum,  are  important  in  emotional  memory.Long-lasting  changes  in  synaptic  efficacy  (synaptic  plasticity)  are  thought  to  be  important  mechanisms  for  storing  memories.Strong  emotions  enhance  memory  formation,  likely  because  of  the  associated  activation  of  diffusely  projecting  neurotransmitter  systems  (eg,  monoamines,  acetylcholine).Despite  intense  interest  in  finding  drugs  that  enhance  memory  under  pathologic  conditions  (eg,  Alzheimer  disease)  or  normal  conditions  (eg,  aging),  no  robustly  effective  agents  have  yet  been  developed.Social  cognition  refers  to  cognitive  and  emotional  processes  that  underlie  social  functioning,  including  social  judgments  and  social  affiliation.Autism,  one  of  the  most  strongly  heritable  neuropsychiatric  illnesses,  describes  a  spectrum  of  disorders  characterized  by  abnormal  social  function,  language  impairments,  restricted  interests,  and  repetitive  behaviors.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - neurology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1105916482
ER  -