RT Book, Section
A1 Smith, Yoland
A2 Watts, Ray L.
A2 Standaert, David G.
A2 Obeso, Jose A.
SR Print(0)
ID 55790972
T1 Chapter 4. Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
T2 Movement Disorders, 3e
YR 2012
FD 2012
PB The McGraw-Hill Companies
PP New York, NY
SN 978-0-07-161312-5
LK neurology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=55790972
RD 2024/04/18
AB Although  the  basal  ganglia  nuclei  have  first  been  recognized  more  than  300  years  ago  by  the  English  anatomist  Thomas  Willis,  our  modern  view  of  the  basal  ganglia  circuitry  dates  back  from  the  mid-1950s  after  the  introduction  of  tract-tracing  methods  that  allowed  investigators  to  dissect  out  at  the  macroscopic  and  microscopic  levels  the  main  constituents  and  neural  connections  involved  in  the  transmission  and  processing  of  information  through  these  brain  regions.  In  the  early  1990s,  these  efforts  led  to  the  development  of  working  models  of  basal  ganglia  function  and  dysfunction  (the  so-called  “direct  and  indirect  basal  ganglia  pathways”),  which,  since  then,  have  been  the  basis  for  our  current  view  of  the  basal  ganglia  circuitry  and  the  framework  for  the  development  of  modern  surgical  approaches  aimed  at  lesioning  or  stimulating  the  subthalamic  nucleus  (STN)  or  the  internal  globus  pallidus  (GPi)  for  basal  ganglia  diseases.  Based  on  their  close  anatomical  and  functional  relationships  with  the  basal  ganglia,  new  deep  brain  stimulation  (DBS)  targets  will  be  discussed  in  this  chapter.